In recent years, there has been increased interest in mindfulness-based therapeutic approaches due to emerging evidence of its beneficial effects on physical and mental well-being. In parallel with clinical studies of the effectiveness of such approaches, a second direction is being developed, focused on the substantiation of psychological and neurophysiological processes. A more precise understanding of these processes will facilitate the development of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and will significantly improve programs for the correction of various psychological and physiological conditions. To date, a number of theoretical provisions have already been developed. For example, the neurobiological processes of desire and sympathy may have an impact on the management of patients with various addictions or eating disorders, while control and self-regulation of cognitive and emotional states may be used in programs designed to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Programs to combat recurrent depression can focus on awareness of and release from automatic modes of thinking and feeling, and development of self-determination and psychological resilience has been proposed for the treatment of severe mental illness. To support these assumptions, improved understanding of the cognitive, emotional and neural processes underlying at their core. Central to all mindfulness training concepts is the improvement of attentional regulation skills, and recent neuroscientific evidence shows that regular practice of simple mindfulness meditation significantly improves attentional regulation. This may provide a starting point for exploring the effects of more complex or extended practices, or for considering the interaction between attention and emotion regulation skills. Mindfulness Most psychological and neuroscientific research on mindfulness accepts Jon Kabat-Zinn's definition: “Mindfulness is a special kind of intentionally focusing attention on the present moment.” , without attempting to evaluate it in any way." Thus, mindfulness involves continuous awareness of immediate physical sensations, perceptions, emotional states, thoughts and images. To develop and increase the level of awareness, mental training is used - meditation. Schematically, the main components that are involved in mindfulness practice are described in the Liverpool Model of Mindfulness (Figure 1). Mindfulness, Meditation and AttentionTraining and cultivating attention plays a key role in most psychological and Buddhist mindfulness practices and is the main topic of this review. Yet training in attentional skills underlies emotional and cognitive flexibility, allowing you to develop the ability to maintain awareness of your own thoughts, feelings and experiences without judgment. This, in turn, changes behavior and has a positive effect on health and subjective well-being. Central to this process are meditations that can calm and stabilize the mind and are a prerequisite for the second type of more advanced meditation. These two forms of training are called “meditative practices of focusing attention (FA) and open monitoring (OM).” Although PE and OM may be conceptually separate, a simple form of mindfulness training engages both components. Of particular interest are the processes underlying these practices. From the point of view of cognitive neuroscience, attention is usually considered from the perspective of three main functions: (1) modulation of arousal, hypervigilance and intense attention; (2) selection of stimuli; (3) regulation of attention processes. Three different, although interrelated, attentional systems support these functions: the alarm system,orientation and executive control, respectively. It is possible to diagrammatically represent the areas of the brain associated with these systems. The right frontal and right parietal cortices and thalamus are involved in the signaling system. The upper parts of the parietal cortex, the temporo-parietal junction, the frontal eye fields and the superior colliculus are involved in orientation. The anterior cingulate, lateral ventral and prefrontal parts of the cerebral cortex and the basal ganglia contribute executive control. Recent neuroimaging data have made it possible to identify the salience system in the executive control system. This system is responsible for controlling the recognition of subjectively significant, important events in different areas (cognitive, homeostatic or emotional) and transmits signals to the executive systems. And another system is the passive mode of brain operation. Figure 2(A) schematically depicts the three layers involved in the process of focused meditation: the phenomenological experience of the meditator, the attentional processes, and the systems that regulate these processes. At the phenomenological level, the meditator focuses attention on the object of meditation, for example, the somatosensory sensation accompanying the breath. During this phase, attention and signaling systems will be activated. At the moment when focus on the object of meditation is lost, the passive mode system of the brain is activated. Over time, the meditator's mind becomes aware of this through attention and salience control systems. Then, from distracting thoughts, the meditator switches his attention to the executive systems. The goal - a return to meditation - is achieved by shifting the focus back to the object with the participation of the functions of the executive and orientation systems. This process may unfold over a few moments or require a longer period of time. With experience, periods of sustained attention and stability can become longer and longer. Although these processes are described as separate, in reality they can occur in parallel. This model is supported by functional magnetic resonance imaging data, which reveals sustained activity in the salience system during meditation. In addition, this method was used to assess the processes of transition between periods of sustained attention and loss of focus on an object. It has been shown that the salience system responds to this transition and transmits a signal to the executive system, which initiates a reorientation of attention to the object of meditation. Rationale for the significance of attention training. Evidence obtained from various methodological approaches confirms that mindfulness meditative practice increases the effectiveness of attention, which is reflected in increased productivity. and also leads to beneficial changes in nervous activity. Sustained attention When studying a cohort of students without significant experience in meditation, scientists found that increased subjective awareness is reflected in the ability to concentrate attention when performing a special performance test (Continuous Performance Test), which assesses sustained attention. In addition, another team found a positive correlation between subjective mindfulness scores and performance on the d2 attention test. In one comparative study, participants were divided into 2 groups, the first actively practiced mindfulness meditation for 3 months (the meditators group), and the second served as a control group. In this experiment, it was proposed to fix 2 target stimuli - numbers in a ticker. Recognition of the second stimulus depends on the time between stimuli, and typically recognition of the second target in a stream suffers if it is presented earlier than 500 ms after the first, the so-called blinking effect. The results of this study showed that in the group of meditators, temporary 4.