From the author: Published on the website: The concept of “basic trust” was introduced by the American psychologist and historian E. Erikson. According to E. Erikson, the degree to which a child develops a sense of trust in other people and the world depends on the quality of the received them of maternal care. I quote: “...mothers develop a sense of trust in their children through such treatment, which at its core consists of sensitive concern for the individual needs of the child and a clear sense that she herself is a person who can be trusted, in the understanding of the word “trust” that exists in a given culture in relation to a given lifestyle. Thanks to this, the child lays the foundation for the feeling of “everything is fine”; for the emergence of a sense of identity for becoming what he will become according to the hopes of others. (Erikson, 1963) Erikson also emphasizes: infants must trust not only the external world, but also the internal world, they must learn to trust themselves and, in particular, must acquire the ability to ensure that their organs effectively cope with biological impulses. Failed experience of a crisis contributes to the emergence in the child of a psychosocial attitude of fear, suspicion and concern for his well-being. This attitude is aimed both at the world as a whole and at individual people; it will manifest itself in its entirety at later stages of personal development. Basic trust is formed in the first few years of a child’s life (different researchers define the duration of this period differently - from a year to 3), if there is no “break” in contact with the mother and the baby feels her love. It is even believed that for approximately the first five months of life, the child does not perceive himself as a separate being from his mother. The child trusts the world around him in the form of adults. From birth, the child knows that his mother is always there and can always come to him, he just has to call for help, he can trust her; he knows that he will never be alone. If this happens, then over time the child develops trust in other people - first in close relatives, then in acquaintances, friends, and then in people in general. If this deep, unconscious trust in the mother has not been formed, then the formation of trust to other people will not happen very easily, if at all. And when such a child grows up, it will be difficult for him to trust people, to open up to them. Trust is always a two-way process, and if a grown-up child cannot trust anyone, then with a high degree of probability few will trust him. It is easy to assume that such a child, and then an adult, will probably have big problems with communication. It is very likely that it will be difficult for him to make friends and communicate with the opposite sex. It is generally difficult for him to trust people, and even if he tries to be sociable and friendly, then deep down, without even realizing it, this person still believes that “the world “This is a dangerous place and you can’t trust others, because they will deceive you anyway.” “Children abandoned by their parents, but for whom normal care was provided in terms of life support, did not want to live. They developed manifestations of various diseases, the causes of which doctors could not explain from a medical point of view (this phenomenon is called “hospitalism”). Another French psychologist, Rene Spitz, studied children in orphanages and in good nurseries with a large number of staff. Children from orphanages were severely retarded in mental development, despite the fact that the care, nutrition and hygienic conditions in these institutions were good. The mortality rate was very high. By the age of 2, many of them died from hospitalization. It took a lot of effort for psychologists to understand that this was happening because the children did not understand what happened to them and where their mother was after psychologists explained the situation even to children of several months of age. restoration of cause-and-effect relationships, the children changed their minds about dying." ReliableA child’s attachment to his mother in the first years of life lays the foundation for a sense of security and trust in the world around him. Such children already in early childhood show sociability, intelligence, and ingenuity in games. In preschool and adolescence, they demonstrate leadership traits, are distinguished by initiative, responsiveness, empathy, and are popular among their peers. The study of trust in domestic psychology In domestic psychology, trust first became the subject of independent socio-psychological analysis in the theory of T.P. Skripkina. In her opinion, the psychological essence of trust makes it possible to more fully comprehend the ways in which an individual connects with the world, the patterns of mastering the cultural space within which only he can find his generic human essence and at the same time remain an independent true “subject of life” (S.L. Rubinstein), and not a subject of “alienated activity” (E. Fromm). Its essence is represented in the ratio of the degree of trust in the world and in oneself. The main conditions for the emergence of trust are the actual significance of the object of trust and its assessment as safe. In the works of T.P. Skripkina did not highlight the phenomenon of distrust separately. Trust is a form of faith, which in socio-psychological terms represents an independent type of attitude towards the world and towards oneself. The opposite phenomenon is distrust. Distrust includes the following main elements: awareness of risks; a sense of danger, fear combined with negative emotional assessments of the partner and the possible results of interaction; wariness and tension; readiness to stop contact, respond to aggression or show anticipatory hostility - to deliver a “preemptive strike.” A.B. Kupreichenko examines the phenomena of trust and distrust. In her opinion, trust as a psychological attitude presupposes interest and respect for an object or partner, ideas about needs that can be satisfied as a result of interaction with him, emotions in anticipation of their satisfaction as a result of interaction with him, positive emotional assessments of the partner, relaxation and unconditional readiness to show good will towards him, as well as to perform certain actions that contribute to successful interaction. The first indicator of an attitude of trust in the world is the child’s willingness to calmly tolerate the disappearance of his mother from sight. For an attitude of trust to appear, it is necessary to “establish a balance between the child’s need to receive and the mother's need to give... The mother must deal with the child in the unmistakable language of internal communication... thus, the first "I" arises, called the feeling of basic trust - this is the first and fundamental value that seems to imply that within and without be an experience interconnected with kindness." This experience allows the child to develop confidence that he is not alone. Even if the mother is not around, he feels safe, because she “has become for him internal confidence and external predictability.” The child must feel what behavior he is praised for and what he is punished for, and believe that His parents' reactions to his behavior make sense. Only in this case will he be able to predict the behavior of the parents, which will serve as the basis for confidence in the safety, stability and predictability of the world. Among the reasons determining the formation of basic trust, E. Erikson also notes the parents’ ability to “manage prohibition and permission”, and “to represent to the child the depth of a certain internal the belief that there is a meaning to what they are doing." The child must feel what behavior he is praised for and what he is punished for, and believe that there is a certain meaning in the parents' reaction to his behavior. Only in this case will he be able to predict the behavior of his parents, which will serve as the basis for confidence in the safety, stability and predictability of the world. If the baby does not receive a response to his needs, he has.